functioning+organisms+glossary

 This section is for you all to keep an up to date glossary of the relvant terminology we cover in this area of study. It is important that you use your own words to explain the meaning of any terms.

Now, I hope you make a more concerted effort to work on this. Assessment tasks for area of study one revealed weaknesses in your familiarity and use of terminology.


 * [[image:biolfact10.png align="right"]]Autotroph -** organism that makes it's own food eg photosynthesis in plants, bacteria and algae
 * Heterotroph** - organism that obtains organic compounds by eating other organisms or their products

Digestive system **Digestion** - breakdown of food into a type that can be used by an organism for metabolism
 * Mechanical Digestion** - the physical breakdown of food before enzymes get involved
 * Chemical Digestion -** enzymes breaking down complex compounds into simple compounds that can be used by organisms
 * Oesophagus –** a muscular tube that rhythmically contracts in order for food to make its way into the stomach.
 * Stomach – ** J-shaped organ that allows for storage of food in order for it to be churned around and chemically digested into chyme.
 * Cardiac Sphincter – ** a circular band of muscle at the entrance of the stomach that controls movement of food into stomach.
 * Pyloric sphincter – ** a circular band of muscle at the exit of the stomach that controls movement of chyme out of the stomach.
 * Pancreas – ** Supplies the small intestine with pancreatic juices containing trypsin, pancreatic lipase and pancreatic amylase.
 * Bile – ** helps break down fats into tiny fat droplets. Also neutralises the acidic nature of the food making it more alkaline and more suitable for enzymes to work.
 * Liver -** the liver secretes bile
 * Small intestine -** absorption of all the nutrients occurs in the small intestine. It crosses out of the small intestine and into the blood stream
 * Large intestine -** reabsorption of water, minerals and vitamins occurs in the large intestine.
 * Anal canal -** Undigested matter moves into the rectum and then is **egested** from the anal canal
 * Salivary glands** - Situated at the back of the mouth, the salivary gland produces saliva which contains the enzyme amylase (amylase breaks down carbohydrates)
 * Nucleases -** the enzyme which breaks down nucleic acids
 * Lipases -** the enzyme which breaks down lipids

>CIRCULATORY SYSTEM< cellular and non - cellular **Cellular blood** - composed of three parts, the erythrocytes (red blood cells), the leukocytes (white blood cells) and the platlets
 * Arteries -** A tube of thick muscle walls that carries blood away from the heart
 * Veins** - A tube of a thinner muscle layer which carries blood towards the heart, containing valves to prevent back flow of blood
 * Capillaries** - Site in which gases and other substances are exchanged
 * Nephron** - Tiny tubes that make up a kidney (1 million approx. per kidney)
 * Kidney** - bean-shaped organ that assists in the filtration of blood and removal of waste. It consists of three parts; Cortex, (outer-layer) Medulla (mid-region) and Renal Pelvis (middle)
 * Right ventricle** - the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be filled with oxygen
 * Left ventricle -** the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around the body
 * Right atrium -** top right chamber of the heart which allows blood in to travel to the right ventricle
 * Left atrium -** top left chamber of the heart, blood from the lungs travels back through the left atrium and to the left ventricle
 * Pulmonary vein -** the vein that takes the oxygenated blood back to the heart
 * Pulmonary artery -** the artery that takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be filled with oxygen
 * Aorta -** Main artery that comes out of the heart and spans off into different arteries that transport oxygenated blood to the body
 * Superior vena cava -** a vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the head down to the right atrium
 * Inferior vena cava** - a vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the lower body up to the right atrium
 * Pulmonary vein -** the vein that takes the oxygenated blood back to the heart
 * Pulmonary artery -** the artery that takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be filled with oxygen
 * Valves -** there are many valves situated around the body (heart, veins, arteries), they act as gates to make sure the blood is flowing the right way.
 * Blood** - specialised fluid that circulates through the arteries and veins and is pumped through the heart. Blood is made up to two parts,
 * Non- Cellular blood** - composed of plasma, which contains ions, water, proteins, hormones and waste.

Lungs** - the lungs capture the oxygen breathed in and are sorrounded by lots of red blood cells with haemoglobin ready to transport the oxygen around the body. ** Epiglottis – ** A flap of tissue that is located at the base of the tongue that prevents food from entering the windpipe during swallowing.
 * Respiratory system
 * Alveolus** - air sacs that are situated on the end of the bronchiole. Alveoli contain a high concentration of oxygen and low concentratoin of carbon dioxide so diffusion is efficient. If a bunch of grapes resembles the lungs, then the actual grape resembles the alveolus.
 * Pharynx -** the pharynx is a tube that the air that is breathed in travels through to get to the lungs. It spans off into two bronchus which span off into many bronchiole. The phanrynx is lined with small hairs that filter the air breathed in by trapping dust, dirt etc
 * Pulmonary vein -** the vein that takes the oxygenated blood back to the heart
 * Pulmonary artery -** the artery that takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be filled with oxygen
 * Haemoglobin -** haemoglobin is a protein contained in red blood cells. It is special because it carries the oxygen around the body. Four oxygen molecules stick to one haemoglobin molecule.
 * Bronchus** – The bronchi are small air passages that extend form the trachea to the bronchioles.
 * Diaphram** - sheet of muscle, located at the base of the chest, that contracts when inhalation occurs and relaxes when exhalation occurs

The Mammalian Kidney: **Glomerulus** - within the nephron the section that is filled with tiny capilleries which connects to the bowmans capsule where the toxins are pushed through. **Bladder-** sac which serves as a receptacle of the urine secreted by the kidneys **Urethra-** Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior **Nephron-** functional unit of the Kidney, said to be 1 million per kidney **Bowman's Capsule-** initial region of the nephron to which filters plasma flows from the glomerulus **Loop Of Henle-** The U-Shaped loops in a Kidney between the Proximal and Distal convoluted tubes **Glomerulus-** Clump of capillaries from which plasma is filtered into the Bowman's Capsule **Cortex-** The outer region of the Kidney **Medulla-** the inner section of the Kidney **Dialysis:** Diffusion of small solute molecules through a semi-permeable membrane along a concentrated gradient
 * Ureters-** Tube that carries urine from each Kidney to the bladder for storage
 * Proximal convoluted tubule **-tubule that connects the Bowmans capsule and the Loop of Henle
 * Primary filtrate** - occurs in the Bowmans capsule and is when most substances are removed from blood eg glucose, ions, amino acids, water, urea
 * Reabsorbtion** - occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule and is when the "needed" substances are reabsorbed into the blood eg glucose, amino acids, ions and water.
 * ventilation**- movement of air in and out of lungs
 * intercostal muscles**- muscles found between the ribs that help move the chest wall
 * carbon monoxide**- colourles odorless gas which is able to connect to the haemoglobin in the red blood cells fater and can hold on up to 200 x stronger
 * excretion**- the process of eliminating waste products
 * ammonia**-a gas compound made up of NH3 (little 3) which is water soluble and highly toxic
 * uric acid**- is a waste product found in the urine and blood of birds and reptiles
 * valves**- a structure found in passage way ( artery or vein) which prevents the flow of blood in the opposite direction
 * gas exchange**- the swapping of gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide from RBC to cell and back again
 * platelets**- small cell fragments found in blood and contribute to the process of blood clotting.
 * cartilage** - in the respiratory system mammals have cartilage in the airways to prevent them from collapsing

**TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS: **
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> **Tracheids:** S <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ingle tapering cell wall composed of dead cells involved in water transport in //Xylem cells//. **Parenchyma:** Plant tissue of thin-walled, loosely packed, relatively unspecialised cells found in leaves, roots and stems of plants.
 * Xylem Tissue: **Responsible for the transport of water and minerals from the soil to the leaves. (Tissue is composed of Xylem vessel, tracheids, supporting fibres and parenchyma)
 * Xylem Vessel: **Cylinder skeleton made from the lignified cell walls of dead plan cells joined end to end. Water is drawn through the vessels from roots to leaves.
 * Phloem: **Plant tissue through which //sugars and other organic compounds// are distributed to different parts of the plant. (In flowering plants, consists of Sieve Tubes, companion cells and fibres)
 * Sieve Tubes: **Tube formed from elongated living cells in //Phloem Tissue-// The pathway for the transport of sugars and other organic compounds.
 * Companion Cells: **(In flowering plants only) A small cell that lies next to a //sieve-tube cell in Phloem//, and arises from the same parent cell.
 * Transpiration: ** Evaporation of water from leaves of plans due to heat from the sun. Causes suction, which draws water up //Xylem vessel// from roots.
 * Translocation: **Transport of sugar in solution from leaves through sieve tubes to other parts of the plant. Translocation is driven by active transport, hence requires energy expenditure.

<span style="COLOR: rgb(19,22,241)">This is more like it fellow biologists. Lots of terms (mainly structural). Let's see if there are any terms relating to processes that should be included as well. V