biol+2+intervening+in+human+reproduction

I was number 5: INTERVENING IN HUMAN REPRODUCTION Humans intervene to alter the conditions of their own reproduction in many ways. These include; IVF, screening eggs and embryos, amniocentesis, Chorionic Villus sampling, testing foetal cells, ultrasound scans, management of premature infants and birth control. + Infertile couples + Couples that are concerned about the health of their developing child + Concerned about a particular inherited condition in the mother’s or father’s family. + Occurs in the oviduct, as egg passes down the uterus. + Overcomes infertility- bypasses problems such as blocked oviducts in women and low sperm count in men. + Only about 15% of couples achieve a successful pregnancy + IVF is slow, and costs a lot of money. + Helpful to detect abnormalities in a foetus as soon as possible in a pregnancy to allow the greatest amount of time for considering an appropriate course of action (abortion) + IVF detects the genetic diseases of the embryo before they are transferred to the mother. + Important for people with a history of genetic diseases in families. **__ Testing Eggs: __**+ The DNA can be tested for the presence of a certain genetic defect. + Suitable for people with a history or chance of carrying; - Tay-Sachs disease - Cystic Fibrosis - Thalassaemia + A hole can be made in the outer layer of the embryo + DNA can be tested for the presence of Y- Chromosome genes and for genetic abnormalities. + Examining foetal cells can help detect chromosome disorders (e.g. Down Syndrome) (extra chromosome) + Gender can be determined + 14-15 weeks into the pregnancy. + Recent method of obtaining foetal cells for examination + involves taking a small sample of foetal tissue from the outer layer surrounding the foetus + Advantage: 10 weeks + Serious abnormalities can be found (allows time for termination) + Disadvantage: can not detect Spina Bifida and other defects + Usually if mothers are over 35 or has a history of genetic disorders. + Advantage: does not involve sampling for the foetal membranes and therefore carries no risk of the survival of the foetus. + Instead, uses antibodies that attach to a few placental cells. + Uses sound waves above the normal range of human hearing + Can determine; - The stage of development of foetus - Sex of foetus - Location of placenta - Whether any structural abnormalities are present.
 * Intervening in Human Reproduction – Olivia Sandler **
 * __ Introduction:  __**
 * __ Who intervenes?  __**
 * __ In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF):  __**
 * __ Screening IVF Eggs and Embryos:  __**
 * __ Testing Embryos:  __**
 * __ Amniocentesis:  __**
 * __ Chorionic Villus sampling:  __**
 * __ Safe Tests for Foetal Cells:  __**
 * __ Ultrasound Scan:  __**