biol+2+ecosystems+glossary

This section is for you all to keep an up to date glossary of the relvant terminology we cover in this area of study. It is important that you use your own words to explain the meaning of any terms. biol 2 adaptations glossary



LB

 * //Thanks for the great start LB, the rest of you get your act together and add some words! You might also want to add to LB's definitions by providng an actual example. I have done one for "scavenger". VM// **

Abiotic : //physical sorroundings eg Soil // Abscisic Acid:  // hormone, synthesizes chloroplasts, growth inhibiting, promotes seed dormancy // Abscission:  // shedding of leaves and flowers // Abundance: //actual number of individuals in the population.// Amensalism: //1 species causes harm to another w/ no affect on itself// Ammonification: //formation of ammonia by bacteria in soil/ root nodules// Apical Dominance: //inhibition of lateral branches// Associative Learning: //association of new / innate signals to particular response// Auxin: // hormone, promotes cell growth // ** B ** Behaviour:  //The actions and reactions of an organism, usually in relation to their environment.// Bioaccumilation: // ↑ of substance in indv/ trophic level, (not food) ingested from enviro // Biological Clock: // internal timers that operate in absence of ext. clocks/ cues // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Biomass: // Amnt. new growth of plant/ animal tissue that accumulates in an ecosystem (g/ m2) // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Biome: //Group communication with similar structures/ habitats extending over large area// <span style="color: rgb(19, 22, 241)">//eg A Grassland Biome// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Biosphere: //The region of the earth, whether land, sea or air that is occupied by living things// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Biota: //living systems in an ecosystem// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Biotic:  //other organisms it reacts with// ** C ** <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Chemical Communication : //release of chem. into enviro that transmit into other animals that have receptors which can recieve chem. signals (eg marking territory)// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Circadian Rhythm: //daily cycles// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Circannual Rhythm: //yearly cycles/ rhythms// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Commensalism: //symbiotic relationship between 2 species where only 1 benefits <span style="color: rgb(19, 22, 241)">eg orchid growing on a treetrunk // <span style="color: rgb(82, 229, 223)"><span style="color: rgb(0, 238, 255)">  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Community: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">//A group of different species living together and interacting with one another in a particular habitat.// Competition:  //2 species compete for same resources// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Consumers : //heterotrophs, eats other organisms; 6 types:// · // <span style="color: rgb(248, 202, 48)">Herbivore: graze on producers directly // <span style="color: rgb(19, 22, 241)">//eg Kangaroo, Caterpillar// · // <span style="color: rgb(248, 202, 48)">Carnivore: eats other consumers <span style="color: rgb(19, 22, 241)">eg Dogs, Cats // · // <span style="color: rgb(248, 202, 48)">Scavenger: eats dead animals <span style="color: rgb(19, 22, 241)">eg vulture feeding on a dead carcass // · <span style="color: rgb(248, 202, 48)"> // <span style="color: rgb(248, 202, 48)">Detritivore: eats small fragments of dead plants, waste product and animal organic matter that accumulate as detritus <span style="color: rgb(19, 22, 241)">eg Earthworm  // · // <span style="color: rgb(248, 202, 48)">Decomposer: decompose dead material. Secrete enzymes over dead material and then absorb b/d products as food <span style="color: rgb(19, 22, 241)">eg Bacteria, Fungi // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Cultural exchange: //p////assage of info from generation to generation by non-genetic means.// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Cytokinens : // hormone, promotes cell division // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">DDT (insecticide dichlorodipheryl - trichloroethane):  // fertilizer; controls insects, accumulates in food chains // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Dominance:  //when an indiv. has more// // access to resources (eg food, mates) than others in the group // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Distribution: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">//geographic range over which the individuals in the population live.// Detritus: //Small particles of dead leaves, roots, animal etc. in soil, or at the bottom of lakes.// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Ecosystem: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">//a system of organisms interacting with one another and with their nonliving surroundings.// Ecological Pyramid: <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">//the diagram that shows the decline in energy at each trophic level.//   <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"> <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Endosperm: //nutritious tissue, provides food for develop.embryo// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)"> <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Ethylene:  //hormone, helps ripen fruit, promotes cell metabolism, increases cell resp., helps leaves to drop// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Exploitation: // 1 species benefits at expense of others. 3 types: // · <span style="color: rgb(248, 202, 48)"> // <span style="color: rgb(248, 202, 48)">Predation: predator kills prey // · <span style="color: rgb(248, 202, 48)"> // <span style="color: rgb(248, 202, 48)">Herbivory: herbivore doesn’t kill plant // · <span style="color: rgb(248, 202, 48)"> // <span style="color: rgb(248, 202, 48)">Parsitism: parasite doesn’t kill host // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">External Fertilization: //when fertilization occurs externally. Eg female salmons deposit unfertilized eggs and the males swim by and fertilize them//
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<span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Fertilization: //fusion of 2 gametes// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)"> <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Food Chain: //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">Organisms linked together by their feeding relationships // Food Webs: //A series if interacting food chains link up to a form a food web.// **G** <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Geotropism: // growth response to stimulus of gravity (stems grow towards gravity) // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Grooming: //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">The cleaning and maintainance of oneself and others // Gibberellins: // promotes cell division, // // increased hormone production, ↓ auxin production therefore leaves and stem develop // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)"> = = ** <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Habitat: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">//physical place where the organisms live.// Habituatation: //grad. fading of response (usually innate) to stimulus that = unsafe/ irrelevant// ** I ** <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Imprinting: //behavior learned at certain stage in develop.; usually early in life// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Innate: //behavior that isn't learned// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Insight Learning: //thinking about problem, rather than solving it// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Interspecific competition: //organisms of different species compete for the same resources.// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Intraspecific competition: //different individuals of the same species compete for resources.// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">In Vito Fertilization (IVF) : <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">  //In relation to humans where fertilization occurs out of the body. Fertilization is conducted in a laboratory in a small glass dish. This happens when couples have fertility problems .// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)"> ** J ** <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">EXAMPLE: //ADD GLOSSARY TERM// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">EXAMPLE: //ADD GLOSSARY TERM// ** <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Learning: <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">//<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">The modification of a behavioral response through the process of acquiring skills or knowledge // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Lunar Cycles: //cycles that coincides w/ moon//
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** <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Metamorphasis: //abrupt transition from one stage in development to another// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)"> Motor Program: //innate behaviours that are carried out (regardless of other inputs) when triggered.// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Mutualism: //partnership b/w 2 species where both benefit. Eg lichen, consiting of alga and fungus living and working together as one organism.// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Microhabitat: //small particular area of the habitit in which organisms live. e.g. beneath the bark of a tree within a forest// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Mimicking: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">//a method of learning in which the offspring will copy what the parent does// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Mycorrhiza: //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">The association of the fungus and the host root. // <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"> ** N ** <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Niche:  // role of organism in ecosystem. Defined by enviro, biological and other conditions it lives. // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Nitrification: //conversion of organic nitrogenous compound, (which can’t be used by plants directly) into inorganic compounds (nitrates)// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Nitrogen Cycle: //circulation of N through enviro: Inorganic N compounds in soil and water are taken by plants and converted to organic compounds// ** <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Observational Learning: //learning patterns through observing others// Parasitism:<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"> //One organism benefits, the other organism is harmed.// e.g. heart worm feeding on blood of a dog. Patrol: //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">The act of guarding one's territory against trespassers/enemies //Pheromones : //chem that carries messages b/w individuals of same species// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Phototropism: // growth response to stimulus of light (bends towards light) // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Pollination: //transfer of pollen from one flower to another (animal who is involved in process is a pollinator)// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)"> Population: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">//number of individuals of th////e same species living in a particular// //area// Predetor/prey: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">//a feeding relationship whereby one organism directly eats another// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Primary Productivity: // rate that producers convert light //// à //// chem. energy // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Producers: //autotrophs, produce own food through photosynthesis//
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<span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Social Behaviour: // interaction b/w members of a group // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">S <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">ymbiosis:  //variety of close interactions b/w species. 3 types: Commensalism, Mutualism and Parasitism//

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<span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)"> <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Tactile communication: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">//communication by touch// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)"> <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Territorial behaviour:   //animals defending certain areas of land that usually contains a limited resource, frequently aggressively// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)"> <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">  <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Trophic level: //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">each level of feeding within the food chain // <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Trial and Error: //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">refining behaviour to suit specific environmental conditions // Transect Lines: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">//line along which quadrats can be located to sample and describe a biological community// <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)"> <span style="color: rgb(75, 172, 198)">Thigmotropism: //<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">Refers to growth responses that occur as a result of contact with a surface. //